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On Platos Theory of Forms

Strange times are these in which we live when old and young are taught falsehoods in school.  And the person that dares to tell the truth is called at once a lunatic and fool. We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light. ~ Plato (427-347 B.C.) Prologue to Platos Theory of Forms In April 2011 I wrote an essay on Platos famous Allegory of the Cave.  Platos cave symbolizes the restrictions on our ability to understand (perception vs. reality).  In his Allegory humanity lives deep inside the cave and interprets life by watching shadows reflected on the wall by fire.  Here objects that are seen are not real according to Plato but literally mimic the real Forms.  It is a comprehensive and systematic effort by Plato to explain how limited our perceptions really are.  In the first century A.D. St. Paul would write of this phenomena in 1 Corinthians 13:12: For now we see through a glass darkly; but then face to face: now I know in part; but then shall I know even as also I am known." In Platos Allegory the writings of St. Paul in the bible and in many other writings by classical writers of antiquity we repeatedly find Platos Theory of Forms evident and are as important 2500 years ago as they are today in distinguishing and revealing our limited notions of truthshadow vs. light form vs. matter lie vs. truth idealism (perception) vs. realism dialogue vs. teleology transcendental vs. empirical natural law vs. positive law etc. Form" or Idea" represents that which is distinct from the characteristics of physical things and from the ideas in our mind.  Idea"as Plato defines itindicates the object of knowledge i.e. that which is known as opposed to idea" which means a concept in the human mind by which it knows. Kant and Descartes opposing views Platos Theory of Forms throughout history has caused great philosophical debate regarding form and matter which to date have yet to be established.  However the positions in which these problems were stated from their genesis in antiquity to the 17th or 18th centuries have gone extinct or at minimum do not have universal value in contemporary discourse.  Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is possibly the last great philosopher to embrace these terms in his general worldview.  The origins of matter and form he writes lie at the foundation of all other reflection so inseparable are they connected with every mode of exercising the understanding.  The former denotes the determinable in general the second its determination." Kant therefore finds validity and plausibility in Platos theory of Forms (idealism) and in Aristotles critique of Plato (realism). On the opposite end of the continuum we come to Descartes (1596-1650) who rejects the division of physical substance into matter and form; second he rejects any appeal to ultimate endsdivine or naturalin explaining natural occurrences. In his theology he maintains the total freedom of Gods act of creation. Many of the earlier accounts of the connection between mind and body had been uni-directional. Descartes disagreed with both Platos idealism and Aristotles realism view of Forms. Here Descartes rejected the authority of previous philosophers and also went as far as to reject the certainty of his own senses absent scientific empirical evidence (materialism). Dissenting views: Bacon Hobbes and Locke There is a predisposition among the historians and philosophers to use the names of Plato and Aristotle to represent a general conflict in philosophical viewpoints and techniques or even in what William James calls intellectual temperaments."  Later writers are called Platonists" or Aristotelians" proposed principles or theories which were categorized as either Platonic or Aristotelian.  Generally it is supposed at times that these two Titans of philosophy are the Alpha and Omega on the subject of Formsthat a comprehensive theory of Forms whether they be minds or theories of necessity will contain of some kind of synthesis or misunderstanding of the two schools of thought. Among the classical philosophers who totally reject the term form or its counterparts as being devoid of significance for the problems of motion existence or knowledge include Bacon Hobbes and Locke.  Francis Bacon (1561-1626) maintains the term but fundamentally changes its meaning.  None should suppose from the great part assigned by us to forms" Bacon writes that we mean such forms as the meditations and thoughts of men have hitherto been accustomed to."  Bacon doesnt refer either the concrete forms" or any abstract forms of ideas" but rather the laws and regulations of simple action. … The form of heat or the law of light."  However Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704) tended to reject Platos Theory of Forms out of handparticularly when discussing the concept of substantial formas meaningless or false. Because form and matter are supposed to be comparative the rejection of a form of meaning or reality inevitably devolves into atheistic materialism as in the case of Hobbesthe assertion of matter alone as a source or causation of all things on this earth.  In the expansive and diverse history of philosophy materialists of one kind or another are the enemies of both Plato and Aristotle specifically and of Platonists and Aristotelians in general. Thus atheistic materialism has in my view stolen a measure of the sacred in all of us; that divine spark of divinity our souls desperately cleave to in our ceaseless quest for the divine we call Life. Christianity and Platos Forms (Augustine and Aquinas) I mentioned earlier how Platonic thought played a major role in the development of Christian theology particularly in that branch of the Platonic philosophy which interprets Ideas as the eternal representations or patterns of the ideal.  But as Aquinas writes the separately existing Forms are substituted by what Augustine calls the exemplars existing in the divine mind." Aquinas analysis on Platos theory of forms affirms that whenever Augustine who was imbued with the doctrines of the Platonists found in their teaching anything consistent with faith he adopted it; and those things which he found contrary to faith he amended."  He continues his arguments that Augustine could not accept all of Platos ideas but had to amend the instruction of the Platonists that the forms of things subsist of themselves apart from matter."  He achieved this synthesis not by denying the ideas according to which all things are formed" but by refuting that they could be existent outside the divine mind.  The divine ideas are the eternal exemplars and the perpetual typestypes Aquinas describes insofar as they are the images of things and so the values of Gods knowledge; exemplars insofar as they are the principles of the making of things" in Gods act of creation. Perhaps the simplicity and reductionism of C. S. Lewis was right in establishing a hierarchy whereby Platos Forms are viewed as inferior to the Christian ideal A man who is eating or lying with his wife or preparing to go to sleep in humility thankfulness and temperance is by Christian standards in an infinitely higher state than one who is listening to Bach or reading Plato in a state of pride." Epilogue: Platos Theory of Forms in modern politics NY Times writers  Mark Lander and Amy Chozick in a recent article about the so-called turbulent world" of Hillary Clinton laments that her legacy may be irredeemably tarnished by history as she prepares to officially announce her 2016 presidential candidacy writing: From Russias aggression in Ukraine and the grinding civil war in Syria to the latest impasse in the Middle East peace process the turbulent world has frustrated Mr. Obama and is now defying Mrs. Clintons attempts to articulate a tangible diplomatic legacy." Apart from the perverted political history these two Columbia School of Journalism cogs demonstrate they unwittingly reference Platos theory of forms without mentioning Plato by name but how? Obama Hillary and the Democratic Socialist Party wants the American people particularly the voter to sympathize with how unfair realism has been to the first Black president and now to the potential first woman president during her tenure as Secretary of State (thats one Form).  The remedy is for America to get collective dementia ignore her disastrous reset button strategy with Russia which served up Crimea to Russias President Vladimir Putin on a silver platter and now eastern and southern Ukraine are in a clear and present danger of being the next forms" or models of fascist hegemony. Heres Hillarys paradox: How can she escape from realism into idealism (or even escape to the realm of fantasy propaganda or disinformation)? Should we ignore the inconvenient historic realism of communist resurgence and hegemony to reestablish Stalins Soviet satellite states of the Cold War Era (1945-90) including the Baltic states who are now part of NATOe.g. Estonia Latvia and Lithuania for the idealism of drawing yet another redline ushering yet another weak threat or lobbying our allies for yet another worthless U.N. resolution which in the end Russia as a permanent member of the U.N. Security Council will immediately veto? Remember on the eve of World War when a feckless British Prime Minister named Neville Chamberlain demonstrated utter cowardice and ignorance to believe that Hitler would abide by their Munich Agreement of Sept. 30 1938 which was a settlement permitting Nazi Germanys annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the countrys borders largely populated by German speakers for which a new provincial description Sudetenland was coined. The logic followed this line of reasoning: Lets give Hitler Czechoslovakia and stand mute when he annexes Austria then Hitler and the Nazis will stop their crazy ideas of world domination… WRONG!  This appeasement treaty gave Hitler that critical year he would need to complete the building of his Nazi army including his infamous Luftwaffe (air force) which in essence became the death sentence to tens of millions of people who perished during WW II including six million Jews in the Holocaust. Exactly 11 months later Hitler unleashed his Nazi blitzkrieg across Europe beginning with the invasion of Poland on Sept. 1 1939 thus starting World War II.  Why does it always eventually appears in geopolitics or in any aspect of history that realism always vanquishes idealism leading inexorably to totalitarianism?  Because appeasement always invites aggression hegemony and tyranny absent a credible threat of punishment as FDR Truman and Reagan did as presidents and Obama seems hopelessly unable and unwilling to do as the world stands at the brink of neo-Stalinism and Putins tanks stand poised at the southern and eastern borders ready to invade Ukraine. Who will stop Russia risingAmerica NATO the E.U the  U.N.? or maybe some might put their faith in Congress the Supreme Court Hollywood Think Tanks the Academy or government programs? Perhaps the forms and shadows of Platos idealism is all we have or can hope for in this geopolitical world of existential angst misery and servile appeasement in the twenty-first century.  Indeed perhaps the Republic is a greater imitation of Justice than many people are prepared to believe as recognized by Plato when he writes: Our aim in founding the state was not the disproportional happiness of any one class but the greatest happiness of the whole; we thought that in a state ordered with a view to the good of the whole we should be most likely to find justice. *N.B.: This essay is based in part on excerpts from Great Books of the Western World (1952) Vol. 2 chp. 28Form and Vol. 7 Plato  
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